214 Engineering Professionals (excluding Electrotechnology)

Industrial and production engineers conduct research and design, organize and oversee the construction, operation and maintenance of industrial production processes and installations. They establish programmes for the coordination of manufacturing activities and assess cost effectiveness and safety. Tasks include - (a) studying functional statements, organizational charts and project information to determine functions and responsibilities of workers and work units and to identify areas of duplication; (b) establishing work measurement programmes and analysing work samples to develop standards for labour utilization; (c) analysing workforce utilization, facility layout, operational data and production schedules and costs to determine optimum worker and equipment efficiencies; (d) developing specifications for manufacture, and determining materials, equipment, piping, material flows, capacities and layout of plant and systems; (e) organizing and managing project labour and the delivery of materials, plant and equipment; (f) establishing standards and policies for installation, modification, quality control, testing, inspection and maintenance according to engineering principles and safety regulations; (g) inspecting plant to improve and maintain performance; (h) directing the maintenance of plant buildings and equipment, and coordinating the requirements for new designs, surveys and maintenance schedules; (i) advising management on new production methods, techniques and equipment; (j) liaising with materials buying, storing and controlling departments to ensure a steady flow of supplies. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Industrial efficiency engineer - Industrial engineer - Industrial plant engineer - Production engineer Some related occupations classified elsewhere: - Manufacturing production manager - 1321.

Civil engineers conduct research, advise on, design, and direct construction; manage the operation and maintenance of civil engineering structures; or study and advise on technological aspects of particular materials. Tasks include - (a) conducting research and developing new or improved theories and methods related to civil engineering; (b) advising on and designing structures such as bridges, dams, docks, roads, airports, railways, canals, pipelines, waste-disposal and flood-control systems, and industrial and other large buildings; (c) determining and specifying construction methods, materials and quality standards, and directing construction work; (d) establishing control systems to ensure efficient functioning of structures as well as safety and environmental protection; (e) organizing and directing maintenance and repair of existing civil engineering structures; (f) analysing the behaviour of soil and rock when placed under pressure by proposed structures and designing structural foundations; (g) analysing the stability of structures and testing the behaviour and durability of materials used in their construction. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Civil engineer - Geotechnical engineer - Structural engineer Some related occupations classified elsewhere: - Civil engineering project manager - 1323 - Geoscientist - 2114 - Metallurgist - 2146 - Mining engineer - 2146 - Town and traffic planners - 2164.

Environmental engineers conduct research, advise on, design and direct implementation of solutions to prevent, control or remedy negative impacts of human activity on the environment utilizing a variety of engineering disciplines. They conduct environmental assessments of construction and civil engineering projects and apply engineering principles to pollution control, recycling and waste disposal. Tasks include - (a) conducting research, assessing and reporting on the environmental impact of existing and proposed construction, civil engineering and other activities; (b) inspecting industrial and municipal facilities and programmes to evaluate operational effectiveness and ensure compliance with environmental regulations; (c) designing and overseeing the development of systems, processes and equipment for control, management, or remediation of water, air or soil quality; (d) providing environmental engineering assistance in network analysis, regulatory analysis, and planning or reviewing database development; (e) obtaining, updating, and maintaining plans, permits, and standard operating procedures; (f) providing engineering and technical support for environmental remediation and litigation projects, including remediation system design and determination of regulatory applicability; (g) monitoring progress of environmental improvement programmes; (h) advising corporations and government agencies of procedures to follow in cleaning up contaminated sites to protect people and the environment; (i) collaborating with environmental scientists, planners, hazardous waste technicians, engineers from other disciplines, and specialists in law and business to address environmental problems. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Air pollution control engineer - Environmental analyst - Environmental engineer - Environmental remediation specialist - Wastewater process engineer Some related occupations classified elsewhere: - Environmental scientist - 2133 - Radiation protection expert - 2263.

Mechanical engineers conduct research; advise on, design, and direct production of machines, aircraft, ships, machinery and industrial plant, equipment and systems; advise on and direct their functioning, maintenance and repair; or study and advise on mechanical aspects of particular materials, products or processes. Tasks include - (a) advising on and designing machinery and tools for manufacturing, mining, construction, agricultural, and other industrial purposes; (b) advising on and designing steam, internal combustion and other non-electric motors and engines used for propulsion of railway locomotives, road vehicles or aircraft, or for driving industrial or other machinery; (c) advising on and designing: hulls, superstructures and propulsion systems of ships; mechanical plant and equipment for the release, control and utilization of energy; heating, ventilation and refrigeration systems, steering gear, pumps, and other mechanical equipment; (d) advising on and designing airframes, undercarriages and other equipment for aircraft as well as suspension systems, brakes, vehicle bodies and other components of road vehicles; (e) advising on and designing non-electrical parts of apparatus or products such as word processors, computers, precision instruments, cameras and projectors; (f) establishing control standards and procedures to ensure efficient functioning and safety of machines, machinery, tools, motors, engines, industrial plant, equipment or systems; (g) ensuring that equipment, operation and maintenance comply with design specifications and safety standards. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Aeronautical engineer - Engine designer - Marine architect - Marine engineer - Mechanical engineer Some related occupations classified elsewhere: - Ships’ engineer - 3151.

Chemical engineers conduct research and develop, advise on and direct commercial-scale chemical processes and production of various substances and items such as crude oil, petroleum derivatives, food and drink products, medicines, or synthetic materials. They direct maintenance and repair of chemical plant and equipment and study and advise on chemical aspects of particular materials, products or processes. Tasks include - (a) conducting research and advising on, and developing, commercial-scale chemical processes to refine crude oil and other liquids or gases, and to produce substances and items such as petroleum derivatives, explosives, food and drink products, medicines, or synthetic materials; (b) specifying chemical production methods, materials and quality standards and ensuring that they conform to specifications; (c) establishing control standards and procedures to ensure safety and efficiency of chemical production operations and safety of workers’ operating equipment or of those working in close proximity to ongoing chemical reactions; (d) designing chemical plant equipment and devising processes for manufacturing chemicals and products; (e) performing tests throughout stages of production to determine degree of control over variables, including temperature, density, specific gravity, and pressure; (f) developing safety procedures to be employed; (g) preparing estimates of production costs and production progress reports for management; (h) performing laboratory studies of steps in the manufacture of new products and testing proposed processes in small-scale operations such as a pilot plant. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Chemical engineer - Fuel technologist - Plastics technologist - Refinery process engineer.

Mining engineers, metallurgists and related professionals conduct research on, design, develop and maintain commercial-scale methods of extracting metals from their ores, or minerals, water, oil or gas from the earth, and of developing new alloys, ceramic and other materials, or study and advise on mining or metallurgical aspects of particular materials, products or processes. Tasks include - (a) determining the location and planning the extraction of coal, metallic ores, non-metallic minerals, and building materials such as stone and gravel; (b) determining the most suitable methods of efficient mining and extraction and types of machinery to be used, planning layout and directing construction of shafts and tunnels; (c) determining drilling sites and devising methods of controlling the flow of water, oil or gas from wells; (d) planning and directing storage, initial treatment and transportation of water, oil or gas; (e) establishing safety standards and procedures and first-aid facilities, especially underground; (f) conducting research, developing methods of extracting metals from their ores and advising on their application; (g) investigating properties of metals and alloys, developing new alloys and advising on and supervising technical aspects of metal and alloy manufacture and processing; (h) maintaining technical liaison and consultancy with other relevant specialists such as geologists and geophysicists; (i) examining deposits or mines to evaluate profitability. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Extractive metallurgist - Mining engineer - Petroleum and natural gas extraction engineer Some related occupations classified elsewhere: - Geologist - 2114 - Geophysicist - 2114.

This unit group covers engineering professionals not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 214: Engineering Professionals (excluding Electrotechnology) or in Minor Group 215: Electrotechnology Engineers. For instance, the group includes those who conduct research, advise on or develop engineering procedures and solutions concerning workplace safety, biomedical engineering, optics, materials, nuclear power generation and explosives. In such cases tasks would include - (a) applying knowledge of engineering to the design, development and evaluation of biological and health systems and products such as artificial organs, prostheses, and instrumentation; (b) designing devices used in various medical procedures and imaging systems such as magnetic resonance imaging, and devices for automating insulin injections or controlling body functions; (c) designing components of optical instruments such as lenses, microscopes, telescopes, lasers, optical disc systems and other equipment that utilize the properties of light; (d) designing, testing, and coordinating the development of explosive ordnance material to meet military procurement specifications; (e) designing and overseeing the construction and operation of nuclear reactors and power plants and nuclear fuels reprocessing and reclamation systems; (f) designing and developing nuclear equipment such as reactor cores, radiation shielding and associated instrumentation and control mechanisms; (g) assessing damage and providing calculations for marine salvage operations; (h) studying and advising on engineering aspects of particular manufacturing processes, such as those related to glass, ceramics, textiles, leather products, wood and printing; (i) identifying potential hazards and introducing safety procedures and devices. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Biomedical engineer - Explosive ordnance engineer - Marine salvage engineer - Materials engineer - Nuclear power generation engineer - Optical engineer - Quantity surveyor - Safety engineer - Time and motion study engineer Some related occupations classified elsewhere: - Industrial and production engineers - 2141 - Environmental engineers - 2143 - Surveyor - 2165 Notes: It should be noted that, while they are appropriately classified in this unit group with other engineering professionals, biomedical engineers are considered to be an integral part of the health workforce alongside those occupations classified in Sub-major Group 22: Health Professionals, and others classified in a number of other unit groups in Major Group 2: Professionals.